Optimal collusion-proof auctions

We study an optimal collusion-proof auction in an environment where subsets of bidders may collude not just on their bids but also on their participation. Despite their ability to collude on participation, informational asymmetry facing the potential colluders can be exploited significantly to weaken their collusive power. The second-best auction — i.e., the optimal auction in a collusion-free environment — can be made collusion-proof, if at least one bidder is not collusive, or there are multiple bidding cartels, or the second-best outcome involves a nontrivial probability of the object not being sold. Regardless, optimal collusionproof auction prescribes nontrivial exclusion of collusive bidders, i.e., a refusal to sell to any collusive bidder with positive probability.